New York State’s highest court, the Court of Appeals, has affirmed a lower court’s ruling that a college baseball player assumed the risk of injury when he was hit in the face by a line drive during batting practice.
The panel of judges dismissed the plaintiff’s arguments that the doctrine of assumption of risk was inapplicable because he had never practiced indoors before and that the conditions enhanced the risk.
Plaintiff Shawn Bukowski began playing organized baseball at five-years-old, ultimately pitching at the varsity level in high school for three years. He was recruited by Clarkson University to play on their Division III baseball team as a pitcher.
During the winter of his freshman year, Bukowski began indoor training in February and was informed by his coaches that he would be practicing “live” in a nylon cage, meaning the pitcher would throw from an artificial mound at regulation distance to the batter and catcher.
On the day before his accident, Bukowski observed pitchers throwing “live” practice without an L-screen in the indoor facility. Despite never having practiced “live” indoors and without an L-screen, Bukowski entered the cage on March 2, 2006, and threw about six pitches without batter contact He then threw a fastball, which the batter hit directly back at him, striking Bukowski in the jaw, breaking his tooth as a result.
Bukowski sued Clarkson University and head coach James Kane to recover damages for the injuries he sustained.
The plaintiff’s theory at trial was that the screen was inadequate and that the risk of being hit by a batted ball “was enhanced due to the multicolored pitching backdrop and low lighting at the indoor facility, which made it harder to see the white ball, and the failure to use an L-screen.”
At the close of evidence, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for directed verdict on the ground that the plaintiff assumed the commonly appreciated risk in baseball of being hit by a line drive. The appellate division affirmed, and the appeal followed.
In examining the plaintiff’s argument, the panel of judges within the Court of Appeals wrote that “the assumption of risk doctrine applies where a consenting participant in sporting and amusement activities ‘is aware of the risks; has an appreciation of the nature of the risks; and voluntarily assumes the risks’ (Morgan v State, 90 NY2d 471, 484 [1997]). An educational institution organizing a team sporting activity must exercise ordinary reasonable care to protect student athletes voluntarily participating in organized athletics from unassumed, concealed, or enhanced risks (see Benitez v New York City Bd. of Educ., 73 NY2d 650, 658 [1989]).”
The panel went on to quote from Turcotte v Fell, 68 NY2d 432, 439 [1986]) that “If the risks of the activity are fully comprehended or perfectly obvious, plaintiff has consented to them and defendant has performed its duty.”
Importantly in the instant case, the panel noted that “the primary assumption of risk doctrine also encompasses risks involving less than optimal conditions (see Sykes v County of Erie, 94 NY2d 912, 913 [2000] (playing on an irregular surface is a risk inherent in outdoor basketball activities); Maddox v City of New York, 66 NY2d 270, 274 [1985] (baseball player assumed the risk of playing on a wet and muddy field]; see also Martin v State of New York, 64 AD3d 62, 64 [3d Dep’t 2009], lv denied 13 NY3d 706 [2009]).
“Here, the plaintiff was an experienced and knowledgeable baseball player who assumed the inherent risk of being hit by a line drive. The plaintiff testified at trial that he was aware of the risk of getting hurt in baseball, had seen other pitchers get hit by batted balls, had experienced balls being batted back at him, and had hit batters with his own pitches. Bukowski also testified that in over 13 years of playing baseball, he played on numerous fields and facilities under a wide variety of conditions, including variations in lighting and pitching backdrops. The plaintiff was also aware of the obvious risk of pitching without the protection of an L-screen, and he had the opportunity to observe the lighting in the facility as well as the color of the pitching backdrop prior to his accident.”
The panel pointed out that Bukowski testified at trial that despite his appreciation of the
conditions, he decided “to go along with how the coach set up practice. Defendant fulfilled its duty of making the ‘conditions as safe as they appear to be’ (Morgan, 90 NY2d at 484), and there were no concealed risks unknown to Bukowski.
“Even if Clarkson’s pitching backdrop and indoor lighting were considered less than optimal for baseball, they still did not constitute risks beyond those assumed by plaintiff. In Siegel v City of New York (90 NY2d 471, 488-489 [1997] [decided with Morgan v State of New York, supra]), we found that the plaintiff did not assume the risk of tripping on a torn tennis net, as the risk of playing with a torn net is not inherent to the sport of tennis. Likewise, in Owen v RJS Safety Equip., (79 NY2d 967 [1992]), this Court found that a professional race car driver did not assume the risk of racing with a defective guard rail and faulty track design, which were risks that did not ‘inhere in the sport’ of racing (id., at 967).”
Further, there “is a distinction between accidents resulting from defective sporting equipment and those resulting from sub-optimal playing conditions. In the present case, the risks of pitching in an indoor facility without a protective screen were inherent to the sport of baseball and readily apparent to plaintiff. There was expert testimony at trial that multi-colored pitching backdrops were common in many college baseball practice facilities, since resources had to be shared with other sports teams. Furthermore, fans sitting behind home plate commonly wear white or multicolored shirts; it is only the batter that gets the benefit of a dark background to see the pitched ball, not the pitcher.”
Given the case law above, the Court of Appeals found that “the conditions in the indoor facility did not create ‘a dangerous condition over and above the usual dangers that are inherent in the sport’ (Morgan, 90 NY2d at 485.
“Tellingly, the plaintiff does not assert that the Clarkson coaching staff violated any established safety protocol or the NCAA Rulebook by holding their indoor pitching practices without an L-screen or a dark backdrop. Bukowski’s reliance on Zmitrowitz v Roman Catholic Diocese of Syracuse, (274 AD2d 613, 614 [2000]) and Baker v Briarcliff School Dist., (205 AD2d 652, 653 [1994]) is misplaced because both cases involved coaches who allegedly failed to enforce established safety standards. The only mention in the NCAA Rulebook of an L-screen was that one must be available to a visiting team for batting practice.”
Finally, the panel addresses the chilling effect that piercing the assumption of risk doctrine would have.
“Clarkson University … should be able to allow its sports teams to practice indoors during the cold winter months without fear of liability for inability to replicate the ideal conditions of the outdoor spring season. The plaintiff’s injuries are simply the result of a ‘luckless accident arising from vigorous voluntary participation in competitive . . . athletics’ (Benitez, 73 NY2d at 659).
“Considering the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, there was insufficient evidence from which a jury could have concluded that the plaintiff faced an unassumed, concealed, or enhanced risk, even though it was his first time pitching live in the cage.”
Shawn Bukowski v. Clarkson University et al.; N.Y. Ct. App.; No. 107; 6/5/12
